80 лет назад поляки добровольно встали под боевые знамёна Красной Армии в борьбе с фашизмом

имени Костюшко by .
Весной 1943 года, 6 мая под Рязанью началось формирование 1-й польской дивизии имени Тадеуша Костюшко. Польские воинские части стали самыми многочисленными из зарубежных, воевавших на советско-германском фронте: к концу войны их численность достигла 400 тысяч человек, а в составе двух польских армий были собственные стрелковые, артиллерийские, танковые, авиационные, саперные и другие части. Но в сегодняшней Польше об этом не хотят помнить, информирует «Тихоокеанская Россия», ТоРосс.

В сентябре 1939 года Польша подверглась нападению нацистской Германии, хотя поляки были уверены, что Гитлер на них никогда не нападет, поскольку у Польши имелись договоры с Англией и Францией о взаимопомощи, а Германия побоится снова начать войну на два фронта. Польша ждала гитлеровского нападения на какую-нибудь другую страну, снова рассчитывая на территориальные приобретения. Также у Польши был договор о взаимопомощи с Румынией в случае нападения СССР, но когда Румыния предложила расширить договор на случай нападения Германии, то Польша отказалась. Польша предполагала, что Германия и Венгрия нападут на Румынию, чтобы использовать её территорию как плацдарм для нападения на СССР и получить доступ к румынской нефти. Но в реальности Третий рейх всего за 27 дней захватил всю Польшу.
Любопытно, что после Первой мировой войны права немцев нарушались больше всего именно в Польше, а ведь Гитлер пришёл к власти как защитник всех немцев, где бы они ни жили. Уже к 1925 году во Второй Речи Посполитой у 92% немецких землевладельцев экспроприировали собственность — 517 тысяч гектаров, а на освободившихся угодьях расселили поляков. Из 657 немецких школ в 1925 году к 1938 году осталось 185 школ. Именно Польше принадлежало большинство территорий, отторгнутых у Германии после её поражения в Первой мировой войне, в том числе так называемый «польский коридор», который отделял Восточную Пруссию от остальной территории Германии. В марте 1939 года Польша отказалась вести переговоры даже об их частичном возврате Германии. В ответ Германия разорвала пакт Гитлера-Пилсудского 1934 года.
Поляки надеялись на французов и англичан, но Британия и Франция заставили польского президента Игнация Мосцицкого и правительство страны подать в отставку. 25 сентября 1939 года Мосцицкий передал свои полномочия генералу Болеславу Венява-Длугошовскому. Однако Британии и Франции это не понравилось, и на следующий день он назвал своим преемником Владислава Рачкевича, живущего в Париже.

Командующий польской армией маршал Эдвард Рыдз-Смиглы также под давлением союзников передал командование практически уже не существующей армии новому премьер-министру генералу Владиславу Сикорскому, известному тем, что 4 августа 1920 года под Млавой приказал расстрелять 199 пленных красноармейцев. А уже в ноябре 1939 года «правительство» Польши в Париже объявило войну СССР — но и про это теперь в Польше вспоминать не любят.

История польских частей, воевавших на советско-германском фронте, началась с пехотной дивизии имени Тадеуша Костюшко, решение о формировании которой Государственный комитет обороны СССР принял 6 мая 1943 года.

История дивизии имени Костюшко неотделима от истории другого польского армейского соединения, создававшегося в Советском Союзе, — так называемой «армии Андерса». После Западного освободительного похода 1939 года Красной Армии и присоединения к СССР Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии на советской территории были интернированы многочисленные польские военнослужащие и граждане Польши — свыше 380 тысяч человек. С началом Великой Отечественной войны многие из них выразили желание участвовать в борьбе с немцами, и это желание поддержало ещё одно польское правительство в изгнании, обосновавшееся в Лондоне. Советская сторона пошла навстречу польским патриотам и приняла решение о формировании польских частей: соглашение об этом, равно как и об установлении дипломатических отношений, было подписано представителями СССР и правительства Польши в изгнании 30 июля 1941 года, а посредником выступила Великобритания.

Уже 6 августа 1943 года был назначен командующий польскими частями в СССР: им стал бывший командир Новогрудовской кавалерийской бригады польской армии дивизионный генерал Владислав Андрес.
Кадровый военный, сторонник независимой Польши, генерал Андерс с энтузиазмом взялся за формирование польских частей. Но лишь много позже стало понятно, что его вдохновляла сама возможность воевать с немцами, однако он совершенно не собирался делать это на стороне Советского Союза. Развернув активную агитационную и организационную работу, Владислав Андрес к ноябрю 1941 года привлёк новые подразделения, формировавшиеся в Тоцких и Татищевских военных лагерях – почти 2000 офицеров, около 12 000 унтер-офицеров и свыше 27 000 солдат. Кроме того, рядом с военнослужащими находились и члены их семей: такое условие было выдвинуто польской стороной. Так что в конечном итоге к весне 1942 года, когда польские части были передислоцированы в Среднюю Азию, там собралось около 115 000 военнослужащих и свыше 37 000 членов их семей.

Но все эти люди в конечном итоге оказались не на советско-германском фронте, а в составе войск антигитлеровской коалиции, воевавших на Ближнем Востоке и в Южной Европе. Собирая людей, генерал Андрес раз за разом утверждал, что формирование частей ещё не закончено, что он не может завершить его, поскольку люди не имеют необходимого снаряжения и даже обмундирования. Хотя Советский Союз, напрягавший все силы для обеспечения отпора врагу, делал всё возможное, чтобы снабжать ещё и поляков, которые всё откровеннее саботировали идею участия в боевых действиях на советско-германском фронте. И в конце концов добились своего: 18 марта 1942 года было достигнуто соглашение между СССР и польской стороной, поддержанной Великобританией, о выводе «армии Андреса» через Иран на Ближний Восток. Там она воевала уже в составе вооруженных сил Соединённого королевства.

«За нашу свободу и вашу!»

Но далеко не все офицеры «армии Андерса» поддерживали своего командующего, откровенно игравшего на противоречиях между Советским Союзом и польским правительством в изгнании. За три дня до того, как было принято решение отпустить андерсовцев восвояси, часть польских военных сформировала «Союз польских патриотов», члены которого выступали за участие в боевых действиях на стороне СССР. Лидером этого союза стала польская писательница Ванда Василевская, а самым старшим офицером оказался полковник Зыгмунт Берлинг — бывший начальник военного лагеря «армии Андерса». Этот поступок кадрового офицера едва не кончился для него суровым наказанием, но вскоре его бывшие сослуживцы ушли на юг, а ему предложили возглавить новое польское воинское формирование.
Формальной точкой отсчёта истории 1-й польской дивизии можно считать принятое 6 мая 1943 года Государственным комитетом обороны СССР постановление №3294сс «О формировании 1-й польской пехотной дивизии имени Тадеуша Костюшко». Согласно этому постановлению, новое польское соединение комплектовалось оставшимися в Советском Союзе бывшими польскими военнослужащими и гражданскими лицами, а формирование шло по штату советской гвардейской стрелковой дивизии. Это означало, что польскую часть должны были снабжать лучше, чем обычные советские стрелковые части, а её офицеры, унтер-офицеры и солдаты получали повышенное денежное довольствие.

Местом формирования дивизии определили Селецкие военные лагеря под Рязанью. Место было выбрано не случайно: оно не было связано с неприятной для советского правительства и самих поляков историей с «армией Андерса». Кроме того, здесь проходили формирование многие советские воинские части, и инфраструктура была налажена лучше, чем в Красноводске, где остались не ушедшие с Андресом поляки.

14 мая 1943 года в Селецкие лагеря прибыли первые польские военнослужащие: 1818 офицеров, унтеров и солдат. А всего через три дня их стало в пять раз больше — 5716 человек! Как оказалось, в СССР оставалось ещё достаточно много польских граждан, которые хотели внести свою лепту в борьбу с фашизмом. Ещё через несколько дней в расположение польской дивизии прибыли 325 советских офицеров с польскими корнями, откомандированные туда командованием Красной Армии для того, чтобы оказать помощь полякам в обучении и освоении советской техники и боевых уставов.

Местные жители, время от времени становившиеся свидетелями того, что происходило в Селецких лагерях, наверняка недоумевали, видя говорящих по-русски военных, но в неизвестной военной форме. Дело в том, что обмундирование для польской дивизии решили оставить польское, образца 1930-х годов, а вот знаки различия (прежде всего кокарду на головные уборы) поменяли. Символом новой польской армии стала «орлица Пястов» — герб королевской династии Пястов и Великой Польши, известный с Х века.

Чтобы помочь снабжению дивизии за счёт иностранной помощи польские патриоты сумели дотянуться через океан и создать в США «Лигу костюшковцев» (она же «Костюшковская лига»). Это было объединение бизнесменов польского происхождения, живших и работавших в основном на Среднем Западе, в Детройте и Чикаго, где обосновалась одна из самых больших польских колоний в Америке. За их счёт польские военные в Селецких лагерях получали дополнительные продукты и вещевое довольствие. А вот вооружение полностью обеспечивала советская сторона — от винтовок до артиллерийских орудий, а позднее танков и самолётов.
15 июля 1943 года бойцы 1-й пехотной дивизии имени Тадеуша Костюшко приняли воинскую присягу. День был выбран особенный — годовщина битвы при Грюнвальде, с давних пор служившей символом единства польских и русских воинов. К этому дню у дивизии появилось и собственное знамя: белое полотнище с красным крестом, в центре которого в лавровом венке был вышит портрет Тадеуша Костюшко, а выше него шла надпись по-польски: «За нашу свободу и вашу!».

Не как у всех: капеллан и женский батальон
Дивизия не только говорила на двух языках, поскольку служили в ней как поляки, оказавшиеся в СССР после 1939 года, так и советские граждане польского происхождения, и не одни офицеры. Она в принципе воплотила в себе традиции двух армий — польской и советской, начиная от формы и структуры и заканчивая строевыми и боевыми командами. Порой это выливалось в казусы, которые могли поставить в тупик советского человека того времени.

Например, в дивизии и её подразделениях были замполиты, но при этом была и должность дивизионного капеллана. Её занял священник Вильхельм Кубш, успевший летом 1941 повоевать в рядах партизанского диверсионного отряда полковника Васильева, а потом выйти на Большую землю и присоединиться к вновь формируемым польским частям. Распоряжением первого командира костюшковцев Зыгмунта Берлинга дивизионный капеллан получил звание майора, а в итоге дослужился до полковника и должности главного декана Войска Польского. К нему на исповедь и причастие приходили солдаты и офицеры, он присутствовал при даче присяги бойцами 1-й польской пехотной дивизии. И его не смущало, что бок о бок с ним воюют атеисты и коммунисты из числа советских сержантов и офицеров.

Ещё одной необычностью польской части стало существование в ней отдельного женского батальона имени Эмилии Пляттер. Такого рода подразделений в Красной Армии не существовало: могли быть части, укомплектованные в основном женщинами, известны женские авиаполки, но женских пехотных батальонов — не было. Однако среди полячек, оказавшихся в СССР, нашлось достаточное число таких, кто захотел воевать за свободу своей родины в рядах нового Войска Польского. И им пошли навстречу.

Впрочем, все эти необычные подразделения и должности никак не сказались на боевых возможностях дивизии. В свой первый бой 1-я польская пехотная дивизия имени Тадеуша Костюшко вступила 12 октября 1943 года под деревней Ленино Могилевской области, а в январе 1945 она освобождала Варшаву, за что удостоилась почётного наименования «Варшавская» и ордена Красного знамени (награждена 19 января 1945 года). Закончила войну она в Берлине, получив 4 мая за участие в Берлинской операции орден Кутузова II степени. Но самое главное, именно эта дивизия послужила основой для новой польской армии — народного Войска Польского, позднее переименованного в Вооруженные силы Польской Народной Республики.

Добавим, что в годы Великой Отечественной войны в рядах Красной Армии сражалось множество иностранных граждан, разными путями оказавшихся среди советских воинов. Большинство из них воевали в составе иностранных военных формирований, создававшихся на территории Советского Союза и структурно входивших в РККА. Среди таких частей были, например, 1-я Чехословацкая бригада под командованием Людвика Свободы, французская истребительная эскадрилья «Нормандия», позднее выросшая в авиаполк «Нормандия-Неман», югославские, румынские и венгерские подразделения и соединения.

Источник: https://histrf.ru/read/articles/polkovnik-zampolit-i-ksienzd-istoriia-1-i-polskoi-divizii-imieni-kostiushko?ysclid=lhbc9n0125202262437

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