
В День Военно-морского флота президент Владимир Путин подписал указ об утверждении новой Морской доктрины России. Она скорректирована с учётом геополитических изменений в мире, информирует «Тихоокеанская Россия».
Морская доктрина — документ, в котором изложена национальная политика в области освоения и использования Мирового океана для безопасности, экономического и социального развития государства, сообщает телеграм-канал «Объясняем.РФ».
Главные направления Морской доктрины страны:
- развитие сил и инфраструктуры Черноморского флота в Крыму и на побережье Краснодарского края;
- укрепление стратегических позиций на Чёрном море;
- военно-морское присутствие в Атлантическом океане;
- строительство военных судов и морской техники на отечественных верфях с оборудованием российского производства;
- военно-морское присутствие РФ в Средиземном море;
- укрепление Северного флота;
- сдерживание сил НАТО у границ;
- снижение угрозы национальной безопасности и обеспечение стратегической стабильности в Арктическом регионе.
Новая морская доктрина России впервые за 30 лет с распада СССР предполагает обеспечение возможности строительства современных авианесущих боевых кораблей. Об этом говорится в документе, подписанном российским президентом Владимиром Путиным на день ВМФ 31 июля 2022 г., пишут «Ведомости».
В предыдущей версии морской доктрины от 2015 г. речь шла только о разработке технологий, которые бы позволяли разрабатывать «принципиально новые» образцы военно-морской техники, обладающие «ранее недостижимыми возможностями». В правительственной стратегии развития судостроения до 2035 г. (утверждена в 2019 г.) авианесущие боевые корабли для ВМФ России также не упоминаются. В то же время на 2022–2025 гг. намечено «создание головных образцов надводных кораблей».
В мае 2019 г. тогдашний вице-премьер Юрий Борисов, курировавший оборонно-промышленный комплекс (ныне – глава «Роскосмоса»), заявил ТАСС, что создание нового российского авианосца «давно в планах есть», не уточняя технических деталей и возможных сроков закладки. Опытно-конструкторские разработки в направлении строительства атомного авианосца водоизмещением 70000 т, согласно источнику агентства, должны были начаться в 2023 г.
Масштабная модель подобного многоцелевого авианосца проекта 23000 «Шторм» была представлена в 2013 г. на международном военно-техническом форуме «Армия-2015». Однако после 2016 г. проект в публичной сфере более не упоминался.
За все постсоветское 30-летие для российского ВМФ не было построено ни одного крупного авианесущего корабля – авианосца, авианесущего крейсера или десантного вертолетоносца. Лишь в июле 2020 г. на заводе «Залив» в Керчи были заложены два универсальных десантных корабля-вертолетоносца «Иван Рогов» и «Митрофан Москаленко» проекта 23900 взамен близких по типу, но не поставленных французских вертолетоносцев «Мистраль».
«Российский гособоронзаказ за последние годы значительно не увеличивается, а в текущей программе вооружений авианосцев нет, да и в новой программе вероятность их появления невелика», – считает эксперт Российского совета по международным делам (РСМД) Андрей Фролов. О том, что России они нужны, последние 20–25 лет регулярно говорят высокопоставленные профильные чиновники.
Документ предусматривает укрепление группировки Черноморского флота в Крыму. Также Россия, согласно документу, будет в целом укреплять геополитические позиции в Черном море и восточной части Средиземного с созданием постоянной группировки в Сирии.
Доктрина также предусматривает наличие пунктов материально-технического обеспечения в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе и Красном море, строительство новых портовых комплексов в Балтийском море и обеспечение транспортной доступности Калининграда.
Планируются «диверсификация и активизация морской деятельности на архипелагах Шпицберген, Земля Франца-Иосифа, Новая Земля и острове Врангеля», контроль за иностранной военной активностью на Севморпути, развитие спутниковой связи и навигации в Антарктике.
Курс США и НАТО на доминирование объявлен угрозой национальной безопасности России в Мировом океане. В свою очередь, зонами, влияющими на экономику страны, национальную и стратегическую безопасность, названы побережье России, Курильские и Балтийские проливы, Черное море, восточная часть Средиземноморья и территории прохождения мировых морских транспортных коммуникаций.
Однако, по словам Фролова, сейчас с единственным таким кораблем – «Адмиралом Кузнецовым» на ремонте – фактически у России нет ни одного. Десантные вертолетоносцы, строящиеся в Керчи, на самом деле фактически не являются авианосцами, считает эксперт РСМД.
«Понадобится модернизировать весь судпром, чтобы он мог строить корабли любых размеров и водоизмещений. В данном контексте авианосец не является самоцелью, а скорее говорит о возможности строить на расширенных верфях такой класс кораблей. Речь идет скорее о заявке на то, что Россия – великая морская держава, что уже не исключает и авианосцев», – резюмировал Фролов.
В доктрине довольно обтекаемо сказано о необходимости обеспечения возможностей по строительству авианесущих кораблей, такие производственные возможности в целом есть и сейчас, если не сосредотачиваться на «суперавианосцах» типа «Нимиц», указывает научный сотрудник ИМЭМО РАН Илья Крамник. Относительно небольшой авианесущий корабль может быть в России построен прямо сейчас – это легкий авианосец, близкий к индийской «Викрамадитья» (бывший советский авианесущий крейсер «Адмирал Горшков»), считает эксперт.
Главный вопрос, по его словам, не в корабле, а в авиационной технике: нужно новое семейство палубной авиации, самолетов и вертолетов, продолжает Крамник. Если о создании таких вертолетов сообщения есть, то о самолетах – пока нет. Асимметричный выход из положения возможен – через комплектование ударными и разведывательными беспилотниками, причем с возможностью оснащения ими и подводных аппаратов, в этом направлении уже идет ряд стран, включая Турцию (надводный носитель БПЛА – десантный корабль «Анадолу») и Южную Корею, почти все новые проекты боевых кораблей там подразумевают возможность их использования как носителей летающих дронов, говорит эксперт.
Помимо нового авиакрыла и судна самого по себе нужны новые эскортные корабли, системы управления соединениями, отмечает Крамник. То есть авианосец должен венчать собой усилия по созданию образа оптимальной авианосной группировки, чего пока тоже нет.
Говоря об уязвимости авианосцев для противокорабельных ракет, в том числе береговых, Крамник напомнил, что в целом такой корабль должен нести мощную систему ПВО и/или корабли эскорта с надлежащей системой управления такими системами. В России сегодня есть верфи, инженерно-технические мощности которых позволяют строить такие суда, уверен Крамник.
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